Question about Evolution,I'm afraid.

This is a discussion on Question about Evolution,I'm afraid. within the Atheism and Agnosticism forums, part of the iDawah Refutations Discussion category; As salam Alikom, I'm really sorry brothers but just i want to know your view in this issue. I've answered a guy asked me about ...


As-Salamu 'Alaykum (Peace be upon you)! Welcome to the Islamic-Life Forums

Islamic-Life Forums is a Muslim community dedicated to Islamic discussions, Islamic Dawah, Islamic articles, Islamic responses/refutations to Islamic misconceptions and Islamic-Life Forums presents correct understanding of Islamic way of life to both Muslims and Non-Muslims. You can also download free Islamic books, Islamic video and audio lectures, Islamic nasheeds. To gain full access to Islamic-Life Forums you must register for a free account. As a register member you will be able to:
  • Participate in discussions, start new topics and vote in polls
  • communicate privately with other members (PM)
  • upload books, nasheeds, pictures, videos etc. and help Islamic-Life staff with their Islamic projects
All this and much more is available to you absolutely for free when you register for an account, so join our community today! If you are unfamiliar with forums' features or a new visitor then find answers to your questions in our FAQ. If you have any problems with the registration process or your account login, please contact us.

Islamic-Life Arcade Downloads Glorious Qur'an
Host Image
Go Back   Islamic-Life Forums  > iDawah Refutations Discussion  > Atheism and Agnosticism
Register Forum Rules FAQ Calendar Search Today's Posts Mark Forums Read



Tags
afraid, evolution, question

Reply
 
LinkBack Thread Tools
Old 05-11-2009, 01:39 PM   #1
Full Member
 
Tayel's Avatar
 
Join Date: Apr 2009
Location: In earth
Posts: 82
Gender: Male
Way of life: Muslim
Thanks: 18
Thanked 3 Times in 3 Posts
Default Question about Evolution,I'm afraid.

As salam Alikom,

I'm really sorry brothers but just i want to know your view in this issue.
I've answered a guy asked me about natural selection then i responded.
Natural selection is a real process, and it works well for explaining certain limited kinds of variation.
Where it doesn't work good well,is explain what Darwin thought it could mainly the real compliaxty of life.
In biology,we have to understand where nature selection works and where it doesn't, and why it's difference,thus, i asked you and you haven't answered me yet,I have asked you to tell me the reason behind why many scientists changed their mind and believe in intelligent designer and you haven't answered me yet.

I'll quoted for you an article (National Geographic Ignores the Flaws IN Darwin's Theory) by Dr/Jonathan Wells, and he discussed briefly about the natural selection as Darwin believe.

So the four categories of evidence on which Darwin relied to support his theory of the historical phenomenon of evolution rely, in turn, on his theory about the mechanism of evolution. But what is the evidence for Darwin's mechanism?

The principal evidence Quammen cites is antibiotic resistance. "There's no better or more immediate evidence supporting the Darwinian theory," Quammen writes, "than this process of forced transformation among our inimical germs."

Perhaps so; but then Darwin's theory is in serious trouble. Antibiotic resistance involves only minor changes within existing species. In plants and animals, such changes had been known for centuries before Darwin. Nobody doubts that they can occur, or that they can be produced by selection. But Darwin claimed much more, namely, that the process of selection could produce new species -- indeed, all species after the first. That's why Darwin titled his magnum opus The Origin of Species, not How Existing Species Change Over Time.

Yet no one has ever observed the origin of a new species by selection, natural or otherwise. Bacteria should be the easiest organisms in which to observe this, because bacteria can produce thousands of generations in a matter of months, and they can be subjected to powerful mutation-causing agents and intense selection. Nevertheless, in over a century of research no new species of bacteria have emerged. Quammen cites Darwinian biologists who claim to have produced "incipient species," but this merely refers to different strains of the same species that the researchers believe -- on theoretical grounds -- might eventually become new species. When the truth of the theory itself is at stake, such a theoretical extrapolation hardly constitutes "overwhelming evidence" for it.

So the evidence Quammen presents for Darwin's theory falls far short of confirming it. Biogeography, paleontology, embryology and morphology all rely on homologies, and the only way to determine whether homologies are due to common descent rather than common design is to provide a natural mechanism. Yet Darwin's mechanism, natural selection, has never been observed to produce a single new species. Scientific theories (Quammen acknowledges) should not be accepted as a matter of faith, but only on the basis of evidence. And given the evidence, any rational person is justified in doubting the truth of Darwin's theory.

CSC - National Geographic Ignores the Flaws IN Darwin's Theory



But he said to me.
You're suggesting that all evolution does is take organic molecules, put them in a box, shake them up a little to make a complex structure such as the eye.

Evolution is not a random process overall. It relies on a random process insofar as each generation has to have a random genetic variation (some people are taller, have different skin structure etc). Then out of that generation, the people who have the "best" genes for survival will be more likely to survive and pass on their genes.

Over a few generations it is easy for us to see how superficial changes can occur to body-shape. The idea of breeding dogs relies on this. However given millions of years it can be seen how complex structures evolve.

You mentioned the eye. The evolution of the eye is a well understood process. There are creatures alive today that display the evolution of the eye in all its major steps. If you want to read more about it: Evolution of the eye - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


So,....What's your view brothers?
Jazakom Allah kherun.

I really love you in sake of Allah.
Tayel is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 05-11-2009, 01:47 PM   #2
Administrator
 
Join Date: Mar 2008
Posts: 2,022
Gender: Male
Way of life: Muslim
Thanks: 79
Thanked 257 Times in 209 Posts
Default Re: Question about Evolution,I'm afraid.

wasalam alaikum


Bro tayel, you don't really need to debate about evolution because it doesn't oppose islamic teachings - with the exception of Adam, since we believe he didn't evolve off monkeys or a common ancestor with them.


About your post where the guy responded to it, there is some reality to it. ie. it is likely that dogs did evolve off other types like wolves etc. so it is true in a sense.

I personally don't go into these arguments because its too detailed, and i feel its a waste of time to debate it because it doesn't oppose islam, so why waste our time on it? :) It's simply a pattern in Allah's creation, and since the Qur'an and Sunnah stay quiet about it, then we can accept or reject what they say in these scientific studies.

here's a good link to explain that;
Islamtoday.com: Biological Evolution – An Islamic Perspective
Qatada is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 05-11-2009, 01:49 PM   #3
Co-Administrator
 
Abdul-Fattah's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2008
Location: Belgium, Gent
Posts: 659
Gender: Male
Way of life: Muslim
Thanks: 17
Thanked 173 Times in 123 Posts
Default Re: Question about Evolution,I'm afraid.

Selam aleykum
My views briefly
  1. Allah subhana wata'allah created different species.
  2. Those different species evolved into an even larger variety of species trough the mechanisms descried in the evolution theory.
So in other words,
  • I accept the scientific theory of evolution.
  • I don't accept the historical theory of common descent (the theory that all species evolved out of the same ancestral specie)
  • I don't accept the hypothesis of abiogenesis (the theory that the first specie emerged spontaneously out of lifeless matter)
More detail My paradigm | Because everyone is entitled to have my opinion.
__________________

Last edited by Abdul-Fattah; 05-11-2009 at 03:05 PM.
Abdul-Fattah is offline   Reply With Quote
The Following 2 Users Say Thank You to Abdul-Fattah For This Useful Post:
Old 05-11-2009, 02:38 PM   #4
Full Member
 
Tayel's Avatar
 
Join Date: Apr 2009
Location: In earth
Posts: 82
Gender: Male
Way of life: Muslim
Thanks: 18
Thanked 3 Times in 3 Posts
Default Re: Question about Evolution,I'm afraid.

Jazakom Allah kherun indeed.
:)
May Allah grant you jannah.
Tayel is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 05-11-2009, 08:43 PM   #5
Full Member
 
Join Date: Apr 2009
Location: Vancouver, B.C.
Posts: 319
Gender: Male
Way of life: Muslim
Thanks: 46
Thanked 32 Times in 23 Posts
Default Re: Question about Evolution,I'm afraid.

Salam


Bro Abdul-Fatah, I must ask you something.


I am debating with a nonmuslim on another forum about the ayats referring to ''all things created in pairs'' Here's what he said:

Quote:
Truth of any claim can be measured by its authenticity, accuracy and wisdom. Allah or Muhammad made many claims in Quran, which turned out to be wrong, we will look just one of the false claim of Quran.

"36:36 Glory to God, Who created in pairs all things that the earth produces, as well as their own (human) kind and (other) things of which they have no knowledge"

"43:12 And Who has created all the pairs and has appointed for you ships and cattle on which you ride,"

"51:49 And of every thing We have created pairs: That ye may receive instruction."

Allah created ALL things in PAIRS ?? We know this is totally wrong, as there are many plants and Animal species which do not have two sexes and they are Asexual and also use A sexual reproduction. Certainly only a "All knowing" Allah would made such a bold but pathetically false claims.
I have read about this on answering-christianity.com and the answers given by many of our brothers do not seem to be very clear. The following is what I think the ayats might refer to, please tell me if you think my view makes sense. (this was my response)

Quote:
As far as the verse: ''*{And it is He (The One) Who extended the earth, and made therein anchorages (mountains) and rivers; and of all (plant) products He made therein two in pairs.}* (Ar-Ra`d 13:3)'' is concerned, It might be possible that the Qur'an was refering to the Original created animals/plants which were all in pairs, without exception. Afterwards these have evolved into a larger number of living things which adopted asexual reproduction. If that is the case, and the ayat do indeed refer to the original living things which earth produces and which consequently evolved into different species etc with asexual reproduction then there is no confusion whatsoever.
Does anyone know the classical view of the salaf about the meaning of these ayats? Does this verse refer to all plants as having pairs?
__________________
"Gold is the money of kings; silver is the money of gentlemen; barter is the money of peasants; but debt is the money of slaves."
salamfromrom is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 05-12-2009, 07:03 AM   #6
Full Member
 
Tayel's Avatar
 
Join Date: Apr 2009
Location: In earth
Posts: 82
Gender: Male
Way of life: Muslim
Thanks: 18
Thanked 3 Times in 3 Posts
Default Re: Question about Evolution,I'm afraid.

Quote:
Originally Posted by salamfromrom View Post
Salam


Bro Abdul-Fatah, I must ask you something.


I am debating with a nonmuslim on another forum about the ayats referring to ''all things created in pairs'' Here's what he said:

I have read about this on answering-christianity.com and the answers given by many of our brothers do not seem to be very clear. The following is what I think the ayats might refer to, please tell me if you think my view makes sense. (this was my response)

Does anyone know the classical view of the salaf about the meaning of these ayats? Does this verse refer to all plants as having pairs?
Sure,I'm curious to know my beloved brother Abdul-Fatah's view in this question.

And sbhuanallah,Brother,I'd searched about this issue, and i found many scholars answered this Question, rather it's miracle and a proof that islam is the truth.!!

But,unfortunately,it's by arabic language.
Anyway,briefly,word: Pairs doesn't mean just male and female but it does refer to positive and negative as well, etc...
And just ask this guy to re-read the verse again and porden about it!!
"36:36 Glory to God, Who created in pairs all things that the earth produces, as well as their own (human) kind and (other) things of which they have no knowledge".

For more elaboration read these Quotes.

Quote:
ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงุฌุงุจ ุนู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณุชุงุฐ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู†ุธู…ูŠ ุฎู„ูŠู„ ุฃุจูˆ ุงู„ุนุทุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุญุงู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒุชุงุจ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ู„ู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุจู†ู‡ุงูˆูŠ ูˆุขุฎุฑูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุงุดุฑ ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฑู ุจู…ุตุฑ ุงู„ุทุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ 1980 ุต 277ุŒ.

ุญูŠุซ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ :


" ุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑู…ุณูŠูˆู… Paramecium:

ูŠุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุงู„ุจุงุฑุงู…ุณูŠูˆู… ุจูƒู„ุง ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุชูŠู† ุงู„ู„ุงุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ (ุจุงู„ุฃู†ุดุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุซู†ุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ุนุฑุถูŠ) ูˆุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ (ุจุงู„ุฃู‚ุชุฑุงู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุฒุงูˆุฌ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ) .

ูˆุฌุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุงู„ุชุฒุงูˆุฌูŠ ู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ:




ุงู„ุฃู‚ุชุฑุงู† Congugation






ุชุชุถู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ:


ูŠู„ุชุตู‚ ูุฑุฏุงู† ุจุนุถู‡ู…ุง ุจุจุนุถ ุจุณุทุญูŠู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ูู…ูˆูŠูŠู† ูˆุชุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ู†ุทุฑุฉ ุจุฑูˆุชูˆุจู„ุงุฒู…ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆูŠุณู…ู‰ ูƒู„ ูุฑุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ุญูŠู†ุฐุงูƒ ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑู† Congugat.

ูˆุฌุงุก ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ู„ุงูู‚ุงุฑูŠุงุช ุชุฃู„ูŠู ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ุนุฒูŠุฒ ู…ุญู…ูˆุฏ ูˆุขุฎุฑูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุงุดุฑ ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃู†ุฌู„ูˆุง ุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠุฉ 1990ู… ุต 59 .

ุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑู…ุณูŠูˆู… :

ูŠุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑู…ูŠุณูˆู… ุจุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุชูŠู† ุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู… ุงู„ุซู†ุงุฆูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃู†ุดุทุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃู‚ุชุฑุงู† ุงู„ุชุฒุงูˆุฌ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎุชู„ุงุท ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ .

ุงู„ุฃู‚ุชุฑุงู† Congugation

ูˆูŠุชู… ุจุงู„ุชุตุงู‚ ูุฑุฏูŠู† ุนู†ุฏ ุณุทุญูŠู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุจุทู†ูŠูŠู† ูˆุชุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ู†ุทุฑุฉ ุจุฑูˆุชูˆุจู„ุงุฒู…ูŠุฉ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ุซู… ุจุชุฏุฃ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ูุฑุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู„ุงุดูŠุŒ ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูุชู†ู‚ุณู… ู…ุฑุชูŠู† ู…ุชุชุงู„ูŠุชูŠู† ู„ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃุฑุจุน ุฃู†ูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ูุฑุฏ ูˆุชุชู„ุงุดู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุชู†ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู…ุงู‹ ูˆุงุญุฏุงู‹ ู„ุชูƒูˆู† ู†ูˆุงุฉ ู…ุฐูƒุฑุฉ ูˆุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุคู†ุซุฉ ูˆุชู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒุฑุฉ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ูุฑุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‚ู†ุทุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูˆุจู„ุงุฒู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุชุฎุตุจ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ู…ุคู†ุซุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุซู… ูŠู†ูุตู„ ุงู„ูุฑุฏุงู† ุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑู†ุงู†.

ูˆุชู†ู‚ุณู… ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ุฒูŠุฌูˆู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ูุฑุฏ ุซู„ุงุซ ู…ุฑุงุช ู…ุชุชุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุชู†ู…ูˆ 4 ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ูˆูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฃู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุซู… ูŠู†ู‚ุณู… ูƒู„ ูุฑุฏ ู…ุฑุชูŠู† ู…ุชุชุงู„ูŠุชูŠู† ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงู‹ 4 ุจุฑุงู…ูŠุณูŠูˆู…ุงุช ุจูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู†ูˆุงุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆูŠู†ู…ูˆ ูƒู„ ูุฑุฏ ุญุชู‰ ูŠุตุจุญ ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงู‹ ูƒุงู…ู„ุงู‹.




ุฏูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ:

ุฃู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูู‚ุฏ ุฌุงุก ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฌุน ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ ุต (398) : ูˆุชุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุฏูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุชูƒุงุซุฑุงู‹ ุฌู†ุณูŠุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ูˆุจุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃุญุชูˆุงุฆู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุชูƒุงุซุฑูŠ ุฎู†ุซูˆูŠ ุฅู„ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุชู„ู‚ูŠุญ ููŠู‡ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ุชู„ู‚ูŠุญ ุฎู„ุทูŠ Cross fertilization.

ูˆุชุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฏูŠุฏุงู† ู…ู† ุฌุญูˆุฑู‡ุง ููŠ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ู„ู„ุชุฒุงูˆุฌุŒ ูˆุชุชุถู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุจูŠู† ุฏูˆุฏุชูŠู†ุŒ ุชู†ูุตู„ุงู† ุนู† ุจุนุถู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ููŠู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ุดุฑู†ู‚ุฉ ูŠุชู… ุจุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ุง ุฅุฎุตุงุจ ุงู„ุจูˆูŠุถุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุฃุฌู†ุฉ.

ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุชุฒุงูˆุฌ ูŠุชู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ุณุทุญุงู† ุงู„ุจุทู†ูŠุงู† ู„ู„ุฌุฒุฃูŠู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฏูˆุฏุชูŠู† ูˆูŠุชุซุจุชุงู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุถุน ุจู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃุดูˆุงูƒุŒ ูˆุจุญูŠุซ ูŠุชุฌู‡ ุฑุฃุณุงู‹ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฏุชูŠู† ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ูŠู† ู…ุชุนุงูƒุณูŠู†ุŒ ูˆูŠู‚ุน ุณุฑุฌ ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุซู‚ูˆุจ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆุฏุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฏูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุซู… ุชูุฑุฒ ุงู„ุจุดุฑุฉ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุท ุญุชู‰ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠ ู„ูƒู„ ุฏูˆุฏุฉ ู…ุบู„ู‚ุงู‹ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ุจุฃู†ุจูˆุจุฉ ู…ุฎุงุทูŠุฉ. ุซู… ุชุฏูุน ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุซู‚ูˆุจ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆุฏุชูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุชู…ุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ู ุนุจุฑ ู…ูŠุงุฒูŠุจ ุทูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุคู‚ุชุฉ ุญุชู‰ ุชุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑุฌ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุฏูุน ุจู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆุฏุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฏูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.






ู…ู„ุญูˆุธุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ :

ู„ู‚ุฏ ุซุจุช ุฃู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุชุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุชูƒุงุซุฑุงู‹ ุชุฒุงูˆุฌูŠุงู‹ ุจูŠู† ุฎู„ูŠุชูŠู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุชูŠู† ูŠุตู„ ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ู‚ู†ุทุฑุฉ ุชุฒุงูˆุฌุŒ ูˆุงู„ูุทุฑูŠุงุช ุชุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุฌู†ุณูŠุงู‹ ูˆููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุณุงู„ุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจ ูˆุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุจุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุญุงู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ DNAุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุฎูŠุทูŠู† ู…ู„ุชููŠูŠู† ูŠู†ููƒุงู† ุซู… ูŠุชูƒุงุซุฑุงู†ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ููŠู‡ุง ุฎูŠุท RNAุญุชู‰ ู„ุง ูŠู„ุจุณ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฃุญุฏ ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุฎูŠุท ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุฎูŠุท ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† DNAุฃุฑุฌุน ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุฃุฒูˆุงุฌ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู†ุธู…ูŠ ุฎู„ูŠู„ ุฃุจูˆ ุงู„ุนุทุง ู…ูˆุณู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน.

ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู† ุฃู† ูŠุชูŠู‚ู†ูˆุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฎุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุฃุชูŠู‡ ุงู„ุจุงุทู„ ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ูŠุฏูŠู‡ ูˆู„ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ูู‡ ูˆู„ุง ุชุดุจุน ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูˆู„ุง ูŠุฎู„ู‚ (ุฃูŠ ูŠุจู„ู‰) ุนู† ูƒุซุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฑุฏ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ูˆุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุง ู†ุนู„ู…ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขู†.

ูู„ุง ูŠู„ุจุณ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฃุญุฏ ุฏูŠู†ูƒู… ู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ุนู„ู… .


Quote:

{ูˆูŽู…ูู† ูƒูู„ู‘ู ุดูŽูŠู’ุกู ุฎูŽู„ูŽู‚ู’ู†ูŽุง ุฒูŽูˆู’ุฌูŽูŠู’ู†ู ู„ูŽุนูŽู„ู‘ูŽูƒูู…ู’ ุชูŽุฐูŽูƒู‘ูŽุฑููˆู†ูŽ }ุงู„ุฐุงุฑูŠุงุช49
ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹:ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ูƒู„ู…ุฉ" ุดุฆ " ูˆ " ุญูŠ ":
ุชุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ุขูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุดุฆ ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุดุฆ ู„ู‡ ุฐูƒุฑ ูˆุฃู†ุซู‰ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุฃู† :
1 - ูƒู„ู…ุฉ (ุดูŽูŠู’ุกู) ุชุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุงู‚ู„ ูˆุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู‚ู„ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ุตุฏ ุฃู† ู„ู„ุฌู…ุงุฏ ุฐูƒุฑ ูˆุฃู†ุซู‰ .
ูˆู„ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุขูŠุฉ: ( ูˆู…ู† ูƒู„ ุญูŠ ุฎู„ู‚ู†ุง ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ) ู„ุงุฎุชู„ู ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰
2 - ูƒู„ู…ุฉ (ุฒูŽูˆู’ุฌูŽูŠู’ู†ู) ู†ูƒุฑุฉ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุจู‡ุง ุญุฑููŠ ุฃู„ู ูˆ ู„ุงู… ุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ุจุฏูˆู† ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ .
ุซุงู†ูŠุงู‹ : ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† (ุฒูŽูˆู’ุฌูŽูŠู’ู†ู) ูˆ (ุงู„ุฒู‘ูŽูˆู’ุฌูŽูŠู’ู†ู ) :
1 - ุฐูƒุฑุช ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ูƒู„ู‡ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ุฑุงุช ูู‚ุท ูˆู„ู… ุชู‚ุชุฑู† ุฃุจุฏุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซู‰ .
2 -ุฐูƒุฑุช ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ู…ุฑุชูŠู† ูู‚ุท ูˆุฏุงุฆู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู‚ุชุฑู†ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซู‰:
{ูˆูŽุฃูŽู†ู‘ูŽู‡ู ุฎูŽู„ูŽู‚ูŽ ุงู„ุฒู‘ูŽูˆู’ุฌูŽูŠู’ู†ู ุงู„ุฐู‘ูŽูƒูŽุฑูŽ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุฃูู†ุซูŽู‰ }ุงู„ู†ุฌู…45
{ููŽุฌูŽุนูŽู„ูŽ ู…ูู†ู’ู‡ู ุงู„ุฒู‘ูŽูˆู’ุฌูŽูŠู’ู†ู ุงู„ุฐู‘ูŽูƒูŽุฑูŽ ูˆูŽุงู„ู’ุฃูู†ุซูŽู‰ }ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู…ุฉ39
3 - ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏ ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ุจุงู„ุฃู„ู ูˆุงู„ู„ุงู… ููŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุชุจูˆุนุฉ ุจู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุขูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ :
{ุณูุจู’ุญูŽุงู†ูŽ ุงู„ู‘ูŽุฐููŠ ุฎูŽู„ูŽู‚ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุฒู’ูˆูŽุงุฌูŽ ูƒูู„ู‘ูŽู‡ูŽุง ู…ูู…ู‘ูŽุง ุชูู†ุจูุชู ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุฑู’ุถู ูˆูŽู…ูู†ู’ ุฃูŽู†ููุณูู‡ูู…ู’ ูˆูŽู…ูู…ู‘ูŽุง ู„ูŽุง ูŠูŽุนู’ู„ูŽู…ููˆู†ูŽ }ูŠุณ36
ูˆูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุงุฒูˆุงุฌ ุฌู…ุน ูˆุชุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ุขูŠุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ุซู„ุงุซ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† :
ู…ู† ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง - ู…ู…ุง ุชู†ุจุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ - ู…ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ุนู„ู…
ุฃู…ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูู†ุนู„ู… ูˆูŠุนู„ู… ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ูˆู† ูˆู‚ุช ู†ุฒูˆู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ุนู† ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซู‰ .
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฒูˆุงุฌ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ูŠุนู„ู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ูˆู† ูˆุนู„ู…ู†ุงู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุตุฑ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุŸ
ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ููŠู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ :
1 - ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุงู„ุฎู†ุซู‰ ุจู‡ุง ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ู‡ู…ุง : ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุฃู†ุซูˆูŠ.
2 - ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ( ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃุณุงุณ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ) ุจู‡ุง ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ูˆู‡ู…ุง : ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจ ูˆุงู„ุณุงู„ุจ ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุขุฎุฑ ุŒ ุจู‡ุง ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู†ุงุช ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ุณุงู„ุจุฉ ูˆูŠูˆุฌุฏุงู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุจู‡ ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ู…ุชุนุงุฏู„ุฉ.
3 - ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏ .






ูˆุงู†ุธุฑ ู…ุนูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ู„ู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุฒุบู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุฌุงุฑ






ููŠ ู‚ูˆู„ู‡โ€(โ€ ุชุนุงู„ูŠโ€):โ€ ูˆู…ู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุฎู„ู‚ู†ุง ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ู„ุนู„ูƒู… ุชุฐูƒุฑูˆู†โ€(โ€ ุงู„ุฐุงุฑูŠุงุชโ€:49)โ€
ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุนู„ูŠ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุฎู„ู‚ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ุงุฏุงุชโ€,โ€ ุจู…ุนู†ูŠ ุงู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชุนุงู„ูŠ ุฎู„ู‚ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉโ€,โ€ ูˆุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ุงุชโ€,โ€ ูˆุนู„ูŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุชโ€:โ€ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุจู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุณุงู† ูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ุงููˆู‚ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุงู„ูƒูˆู†โ€,โ€ ูˆุงู†ู‡ุง ุณู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุณู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู‚ ูˆุงู„ุชู†ุงุบู… ูˆุงู„ุชูˆุงูู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚โ€,โ€ ูˆุดู‡ุงุฏุฉ ู†ุงุทู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุฎุงู„ู‚โ€(โ€ ุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ูˆุชุนุงู„ูŠโ€)โ€ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุคูƒุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚โ€(โ€ ุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ูˆุชุนุงู„ูŠโ€)โ€ ููˆู‚ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฎู„ู‚ู‡โ€,โ€ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุตู ุฐุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุฉ ุจู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚โ€:โ€
โ€...โ€ ู„ูŠุณ ูƒู…ุซู„ู‡ ุดูŠุก ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุจุตูŠุฑ
โ€(โ€ ุงู„ุดูˆุฑูŠโ€:11)โ€
ูƒู…ุง ูˆุตู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุฉ ุจุฃู…ุฑู‡ ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุงู„ุตุฑูŠุญ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฎุงุชู… ุฃู†ุจูŠุงุฆู‡ ูˆุฑุณู„ู‡โ€(โ€ ุตู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุณู„ู…โ€),โ€ ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุงู„ูŠ ูƒู„ ู…ุคู…ู† ุจุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู† ูŠุฑุฏุฏ ููŠ ูƒู„ ูˆู‚ุช ูˆููŠ ูƒู„ ุญูŠู†โ€:โ€

ู‚ู„ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฃุญุฏโ€,โ€ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุตู…ุฏโ€,โ€ ู„ู… ูŠู„ุฏ ูˆู„ู… ูŠูˆู„ุฏโ€,โ€ ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ู‡ ูƒููˆุง ุงุญุฏ
โ€(โ€ุงู„ุงุฎู„ุงุตโ€:1โ€ ู€โ€4)โ€
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚โ€,โ€ ุงู„ู†ุงุทู‚ุฉ ุจูˆุญุฏุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚โ€(โ€ ุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ูˆุชุนุงู„ูŠโ€)โ€ ุชุชุฌู„ูŠ ู„ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉโ€:โ€
โ€1โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ูˆุงู„ู†ุจุงุชโ€.โ€

โ€2โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซูˆูŠุฉโ€.โ€

โ€3โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุทูุฉ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชุญู…ู„ ุตุจุบูŠ ุงู„ุชุฐูƒูŠุฑ ุงูˆ ุตุจุบูŠ ุงู„ุชุฃู†ูŠุซโ€.โ€

โ€4โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุตุจุบูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุฉโ€.โ€

โ€5โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุญุงู…ู„ุงุช ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซุฉโ€(โ€ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฑุซุงุช ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุชโ€)โ€ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ูƒู„ ุตุจุบูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุจุบูŠุงุชโ€.โ€

โ€6โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ

โ€7โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุชุฑุงุจุท ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุณู„ู…ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุง ู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
โ€(DNA).โ€

โ€8โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุชุฑุงุจุท ุฌุฒูŠุก ุณูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฑูŠุจูˆุฒโ€(โ€ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฌุฒูŠุก ุนุถูˆูŠโ€)โ€ ู…ุน ุฌุฒูŠุก ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุชโ€(โ€ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฌุฒุฆ ุบูŠุฑ ุนุถูˆูŠโ€)โ€ ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุฌุฒุฆ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠโ€.(DNA)โ€

โ€9โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุตูˆุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑูŠุฉโ€.โ€

โ€10โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ูˆุฃุถุงุฏู‡ุงโ€.โ€

โ€11โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุก ุจุดู‚ูŠู‡โ€:โ€ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจ
โ€Cationโ€
ูˆุงู„ุณุงู„ุจ
โ€(Anion).โ€

โ€12โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุจู†ูˆุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญู…ู„ ุดุญู†ุฉ ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญู…ู„ ุดุญู†ุฉ ุณุงู„ุจุฉโ€.โ€

โ€13โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุฃุถุงุฏู‡ุงโ€,โ€ ุฃูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏู…โ€.โ€

โ€14โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุจู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุฃุถุงุฏู‡ุง ุฃูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏู…โ€.โ€

โ€15โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆู†ู‚ูŠุถ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉโ€,โ€ ุฃูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏู…โ€.โ€

โ€16โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุดุญู†ุงุช ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณุงู„ุจุฉโ€.โ€

โ€17โ€ ู€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ูˆู‡ู…ุง ูˆุฌู‡ุงู† ู„ุนู…ู„ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูˆู„ุฌูˆู‡ุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ูŠ ูˆุญุฏุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…โ€.โ€

ูˆูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุชุฃู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู† ูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚ ุงู„ูŠ ู…ุงู„ุงู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉโ€,โ€ ู„ูŠุคูƒุฏ ุนู„ูŠ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู…ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู…ูˆุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู†โ€:โ€ ุฏู‚ ุฃู… ุนุธู…โ€,โ€ ูˆู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุดู‡ุงุฏุฉ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ ูˆุญุฏู‡โ€,โ€ ู„ุงูŠุดุงุฑูƒู‡ ููŠู‡ุง ุดุฑูŠูƒโ€,โ€ ูˆู„ุง ูŠู†ุงุฒุนู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู†ุงุฒุนโ€,โ€ ูู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุตูุงุช ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุญุฏโ€,โ€ ุงู„ูุฑุฏ ุงู„ุตู…ุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ู… ูŠู„ุฏ ูˆู„ู… ูŠูˆู„ุฏโ€,โ€ ูˆู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ู‡ ูƒููˆุง ุงุญุฏโ€.โ€
ูˆูƒู„ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุงู„ูŠ ู…ู‚ุงู„ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„โ€,โ€ ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุณูˆู ุงุฎุชุงุฑ ู‡ู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุงู„ุณุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉโ€:โ€

ุฃูˆู„ุงโ€:โ€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉโ€:โ€
ุชุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูˆุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงูˆุฌ ุจูŠู† ุฐูƒุฑ ูˆุฃู†ุซูŠ ูˆูŠุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠโ€,โ€ ูˆููŠ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ ู…ู†ูุตู„ุฉ ุนู† ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถโ€,โ€ ูˆููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณุฏ ุงู„ูุฑุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ุงูŠุถ ุฎู„ุงูŠุงู‡ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุน ูุฑุฏ ุขุฎุฑโ€.โ€
ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุฅุฎุตุงุจ ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุฎุงุฑุฌู‡โ€.โ€ ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุณุงุทุฉ ูุชุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุจุงู„ุงู†ุดุทุงุฑโ€,โ€ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุชุจุฑุนู…โ€,โ€ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุฌุฒุคโ€,โ€ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุชุฌุฏุฏโ€(โ€ ุงู„ุชุฑุงูƒู…โ€)โ€ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุชูˆุงู„ุฏ ุงู„ุนุฐุฑูŠโ€(โ€ ุฃูŠ ุจุฏูˆู† ุฅุฎุตุงุจโ€)โ€ ูˆูŠุนุฑู ูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุงู„ู„ุงุฌู†ุณูŠโ€,โ€ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูƒู„ุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ููŠ ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุญูŠุงุชู‡โ€.โ€

ูˆู…ู† ู…ุนุฑูุชู†ุง ุจุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุจู†ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉโ€.โ€ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ู†ุฌุฒู… ุจุฃู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุชุชู… ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุงู„ู„ุงุฌู†ุณูŠโ€.โ€
ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุชุชุถุญ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุฌุฉ ู„ู„ุฃุฒู‡ุงุฑโ€(โ€ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฒู‡ุฑุฉโ€)โ€ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนุฏุฏู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฑุจุน ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู†ูˆุน ุจุดูƒู„ ูˆุงุถุญโ€,โ€ ูˆุฃุฒู‡ุงุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุชุฌ ุนู† ุชูุชุญ ุจุฑุงุนู…ู‡ุง ุชุญู…ู„ ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ ุฒู‡ุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉโ€,โ€ ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุฒู‡ุฑุชูŠู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุชูŠู† ุนู„ูŠ ู†ุจุงุช ูˆุงุญุฏโ€,โ€ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซูŠโ€.โ€

ูˆุชุคุฏูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฅุฎุตุงุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฒู‡ุฑุฉ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุจุฐูˆุฑโ€,โ€ ูˆุชุญุชูˆูŠ ูƒู„ ุจุฐุฑุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ุฌู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุจุชุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉโ€,โ€ ูˆู…ุฎุฒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ู‚ุฏุฑู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ ุงู„ู…ุจุฏุน ู„ู‡ุงโ€,โ€ ูˆุชุญูุธ ุงู„ุจุฐูˆุฑ ุนุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุซู…ุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุซู…ุฑุฉโ€.โ€
ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฒู‡ุฑุฉ ูุชุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุจุงู„ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠ ูˆุงู„ู„ุงุฌู†ุณูŠ ุนู„ูŠ ู…ุฑุญู„ุชูŠู† ููŠ ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุชุนุฑู ุจุงุณู… ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุฃุฌูŠุงู„โ€,โ€ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ูƒู„ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซูˆูŠุฉโ€,โ€ ูˆุชู†ูุตู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุชุชุญุฑูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุงุท ุงู„ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุฃู†ุซูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุชู‚ู„ูŠุญู‡ุง ูˆุฅุฎุตุงุจู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุงุชุญุงุฏ ู…ุนู‡ุงโ€,โ€ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูŠู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุจูˆุงุบโ€,โ€ ุชุชู†ุงุซุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุงู„ุญุงู…ู„ ู„ู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ู†ุถุฌู‡ุงโ€,โ€ ูˆุชู†ู…ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุงุท ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ู†ุจุงุชุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏุงโ€.โ€

ุซุงู†ูŠุงโ€:โ€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซูˆูŠุฉโ€:โ€
ุฃุนุทูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚โ€(โ€ ุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ูˆุชุนุงู„ูŠโ€)โ€ ู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ ุฐูƒุฑูŠุฉ ุชุนุฑู ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆูŠโ€,โ€ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุนุทูŠ ู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฃู†ุซูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ ุฃู†ุซูˆูŠุฉ ุชุนุฑู ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ุจูŠูŠุถุฉโ€(โ€ ุชุตุบูŠุฑ ุจูŠุถุฉโ€),โ€ ูˆู‡ุฐุงู† ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„ูŠุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุงุชุญุฏุง ูุฅู†ู‡ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ุงู† ู…ุนุง ู†ุทูุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ุทุฉโ€(โ€ ู†ุทูุฉ ุฃู…ุดุงุฌโ€)โ€ ุฅุฐุง ุงู†ุบุฑุณุช ููŠ ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฑุญู… ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุจุฏุฃ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ู‚ุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ุทุฑุฏ ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ุชุฎู„ูŠู‚ ู…ูˆู„ูˆุฏ ุฌุฏูŠุฏโ€.โ€

ุซุงู„ุซุงโ€:โ€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุทูุฉ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุฉ ุฐุงุชู‡ุงโ€:โ€
ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุญูŠูˆุงู† ู…ู†ูˆูŠ ุตุจุบูŠ ุฌู†ุณูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฅู…ุงโ€Xโ€ ูˆูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุซุฉ ุฃูˆโ€Yโ€ ูˆูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑุฉโ€,โ€ ูˆุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ุจูŠูŠุถุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุตุจุบูŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ุซูˆูŠโ€X,โ€ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุฅู…ุง ุฃู† ุชุญู…ู„ ุงู„ุตุจุบูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุคู†ุซโ€,โ€ ูุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุฎุตุจ ุงู„ุจูŠูŠุถุฉ ู…ู…ุง ูŠุญู…ู„ ุตุจุบูŠ ุงู„ุชุฐูƒูŠุฑ ุฌุงุก ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู† ุฐูƒุฑุง ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡โ€,โ€ ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู…ุง ูŠุญู…ู„ ุตุจุบูŠ ุงู„ุชุฃู†ูŠุซ ุฌุงุก ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ูˆุฏ ุฃู†ุซูŠ ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡โ€.โ€
ูุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุญุชูŠ ููŠ ู†ุทู ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑโ€,โ€ ูˆู„ูŠุณุช ุจูŠู† ู†ุทูุฉ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ูˆู†ุทูุฉ ุงู„ุฃู†ุซูŠ ูู‚ุทโ€.โ€

ุฑุงุจุนุงโ€:โ€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุตุจุบูŠุงุช ู†ูุณู‡ุงโ€:โ€
ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ุตุจุบูŠุงุช ููŠ ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุฎูŠูˆุท ู…ุชุดุงุจูƒุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุชุณู…ูŠ ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุตุจูˆุบุฉ ุฃูˆ ูƒุฑูˆู…ุงุชูŠู†โ€
(Chromatin)โ€
ุชุนุทูŠ ู„ู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ู…ุธู‡ุฑุง ุดุจูƒูŠุง ุฃูˆ ุญุจูŠุจูŠุงโ€,โ€ ูˆุชุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตุจุบูŠุงุช ุฅู„ูŠ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆู ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฑูŠุจูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ูˆุต ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฌูŠู†ูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู…ุถ ุงู„ุฑุงูŠุจูˆุฒูŠ ุงู„ู„ุง ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฌูŠู†ูŠโ€
Deoxyri bonucleic Acidor DA
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญู…ู„ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉโ€,โ€ ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ูŠ ูƒู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุจู†ุณุจ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงโ€.โ€
ูˆูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตุจุบูŠุงุชโ€(โ€ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุนุฏุฏู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ู„ู„ู†ูˆุนโ€)โ€ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุดุฑูŠุทูŠู† ู…ุชุตู„ูŠู† ุจุจุนุถู‡ู…ุง ุจุฌุฒุก ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ูŠุนุฑู ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ู„ุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒูŠุฉ
โ€(Centromere)
ู„ู‡ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุญุฏุฏ ุนู„ูŠ ูƒู„ ุตุจุบูŠโ€,โ€ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ู…ู† ูˆุณุท ุงู„ุตุจุบูŠูŠู†โ€,โ€ ูˆุบุงู„ุจุง ู‚ุฑุจ ุฃุญุฏ ุทุฑููŠู‡ู…ุงโ€,โ€ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุจู‡ุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚โ€.โ€

ุฎุงู…ุณุงโ€:โ€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซุฉโ€(โ€ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฑุซุงุช ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุชโ€):โ€
ุชุชูˆุฒุน ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ุทูˆู„ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุจุบูŠุงุช ุนู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ู‚ุทุน ู…ู†ูุตู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฑูŠุจูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ูˆุต ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฌูŠู† ููŠ ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุฃุญุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฑุซุงุช ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุจ ูˆุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠ ุชุฃุชูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…โ€.โ€

ุณุงุฏุณุง ูˆุณุงุจุนุง ูˆุซุงู…ู†ุงโ€:โ€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจู†ุงุก ุฌุฒุฆ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠโ€,โ€ ูˆููŠ ุจู†ุงุก ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุณู„ู…ูŠุงุชู‡ ูˆุฌุฏุงุฑูŠู‡โ€:โ€
ูŠู†ุจู†ูŠ ูƒู„ ุฌุฒุฆ ู…ู† ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฑูŠุจูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ูˆุต ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฌูŠู†โ€
DNA
ุนู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุณู„ู… ุญุจู„ูŠ ู…ูุชูˆู„โ€(โ€ ุฃูˆ ู…ุงูŠุนุฑู ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ู„ูˆู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌโ€)โ€ ุชุชุถุญ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌุงู†ุจูŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุตู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุณูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฑูŠุจูˆุฒ ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ูˆุต ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฌูŠู†โ€,โ€ ูˆุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ููˆุณูุงุชโ€,โ€ ูƒู…ุง ุชุชุถุญ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณู„ู… ุงู„ุญุจู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุชูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู…ู† ุฏุฑุฌุงุชู‡ ู…ู† ุฒูˆุฌ ู…ู† ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุฃุฑุจุน ู‡ูŠโ€:โ€ ุงู„ุฃุฏูŠู†ูŠู†โ€
(Adenine=A),
ูˆุงู„ุซูŠุงู…ูŠู†โ€
(Thyamine=T),
ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆุงู†ูŠู†โ€
(Guanine=G),
ูˆุงู„ุณูŠุชูˆุณูŠู†โ€
(Cytosine=c)โ€
ุนู„ูŠ ุฃู† ูŠุฑุชุจุท ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุงู† ููŠ ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ู…ุนุงโ€,โ€ ูˆุฃู† ูŠุฑุชุจุท ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุงู† ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุนุงโ€,โ€ ูˆู…ุนุง ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ูƒุฐู„ูƒโ€,โ€ ู„ูŠุดูƒู„ ูƒู„ ุฒูˆุฌ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู…ู† ุณู„ู…ูŠุงุช ุฌุฒุฆ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฑูŠุจูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ูˆุต ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฌูŠู†โ€(DNA)โ€ ุนู„ูŠ ุดูƒู„ ู†ูˆูŠุฏุชูŠู† ุชุชูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุณุชู†ุฏุฉ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฒูˆุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ูˆุงู„ููˆุณูุงุช ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏุง ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚ ู…ู† ุฃุฏู‚ ุงู„ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุชโ€.โ€

ุชุงุณุนุง ูˆุนุงุดุฑุงโ€:โ€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจู†ุงุก ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุชโ€:โ€
ุชุนุฏ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุจู†ูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉโ€.โ€
ูˆุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฏู‡ู†ูŠุฉโ€,โ€ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฐูˆุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ููŠ ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†โ€,โ€ ูˆู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุชุจู„ูˆุฑุฉ ู†ุดุงุท ุถูˆุฆูŠ ู…ู„ุญูˆุธ ุจุณุจุจ ุงุญุชูˆุงุก ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุชู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠ ุฐุฑุฉ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ุญุงุทุฉ ุจุฃุฑุจุน ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู‡ูŠโ€:โ€ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†
โ€(NH2)
ูˆู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆูƒุณูŠู„
โ€(COOH)
ูˆู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ
โ€(R)
ูˆุฐุฑุฉ ุฅูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†
โ€(H).โ€

ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุงู„ุฌุฒุฆ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชู…ุงุซู„โ€,โ€ ูˆุชุชุญุฑูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ู„ุชุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆุถุงุน ุญูˆู„ ุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†โ€,โ€ ูู‚ุฏ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†
โ€(NH2)โ€
ููŠ ู…ูˆุงุถุน ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆูƒุณูŠู„โ€.โ€
ูˆู†ุธุฑุง ู„ุนุฏู… ุชู…ุงุซู„ ุฌุฒุฆ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠ ูุฅู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ ุดูƒู„ูŠู† ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ูŠุฏูŠุฑ ู…ุณุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุทุจ ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†โ€[โ€ ูˆูŠุนุฑู ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†ูŠโ€
(Right-handedisomer)โ€
ูˆุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูŠุฏูŠุฑู‡ ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑโ€[โ€ ูˆูŠุนุฑู ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑูŠโ€
Left-handedisomer
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุซุจุช ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉโ€(โ€ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุณูŠุฉโ€)โ€ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุชุจุฉ ุชุฑุชูŠุจุง ูŠุณุงุฑูŠุงโ€,โ€ ูุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ู…ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ููŠ ุจู‚ุงูŠุง ุฌุณุฏู‡ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุจุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ุฐุฑุงุช ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุชู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑูŠ ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†ูŠ ุจู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ุซุงุจุชุฉ ุญุชูŠ ูŠุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ุงู†โ€,โ€ ูˆูŠุนู€ุฑู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฎู€ู„ูŠุท ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ุฎู€ู„ูŠุท ุงู„ุฑุงุณู…ูŠโ€
(RacemicMixture)โ€
ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฎู„ูŠุท ู„ุงูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ู…ุณุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุทุจโ€,โ€ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ูŠู…ุซู„ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฃุถูŠู‚ ุตูˆุฑู‡ุงโ€.โ€

ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ูŠู† ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑูŠ ู„ู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุจู‚ุงูŠุง ุฃูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ููŠ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ู„ุญุธุฉ ูˆูุงุชู‡ ุจุฏู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุบุฉโ€.โ€
ูˆู…ุนุฑูˆู ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุนุดุฑูŠู† ู†ูˆุนุง ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ู…ุซู„ ุจุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉโ€,โ€ ูˆุจุงุชุญุงุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ุจู†ุงุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุชโ€,โ€ ูˆุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุฃุนุทุงู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชุนุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู…ุงุฆุชูŠ ุฃู„ู ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุชโ€,โ€ ูˆุจุงู„ู…ุซู„ ูุฅู† ูƒู„ ุฌุฒุฆ ู…ู† ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ ุดูƒู„ ูŠู…ูŠู†ูŠ ูˆุขุฎุฑ ูŠุณุงุฑูŠโ€,โ€ ูˆู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑูŠโ€.โ€

ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ูˆูŠุฏุงุช ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุตุจุบูŠุงุช ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃุตุบุฑ ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฑูŠุจูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฑูŠุจูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุณู„
โ€DNA,RNAโ€
ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑูŠโ€,โ€ ูˆูƒู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†ูŠโ€.โ€
ูˆููˆู‚ ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ู„ู‡ ุถุฏู‡โ€
Proteins And Antiproteins,
ูˆูƒู„ ุฌุณู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ู„ู‡ ุถุฏู‡โ€
Bodies And Antibodiesโ€
ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฃู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุจุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุฃุฎุฑูŠ ู‡ุงุฏู…ุฉ
โ€Constructive Proteins and Destructiveonesโ€

ุญุงุฏูŠ ุนุดุฑ ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ุณุงุจุน ุนุดุฑโ€:โ€ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุชู‡ุงโ€:โ€
ุชุชุถุญ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฑูƒุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุดู‚ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจ
โ€Cationโ€
ูˆุงู„ุณุงู„ุจ
โ€Anion
โ€ ูƒู…ุง ุชุชุถุญ ููŠ ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุจู†ูˆุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญู…ู„ ุดุญู†ุฉ ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ูŠูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุญุงู…ู„ุฉ ุดุญู†ุฉ ุณุงู„ุจุฉ ู…ูƒุงูุฆุฉโ€.โ€
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุซุจุช ุฃู† ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู‚ุฑุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ู† ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู„ุจู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉโ€,โ€ ูˆูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู„ู‡ุง ู†ู‚ูŠุถู‡ุงโ€,โ€ ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ู„ูƒู„ ุฌุณูŠู… ู†ู‚ูŠุถู‡โ€,โ€ ูˆุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูƒูƒู„ ู„ู‡ุง ู†ู‚ูŠุถ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉโ€,โ€ ูˆุฅุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‚ุช ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุฆุถ ูุฅู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูŠูู†ูŠ ู†ุธูŠุฑู‡โ€,โ€ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู…ุง ูŠุชุฎู„ูŠุงู† ุนู† ุทุจูŠุนุชู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉโ€,โ€ ูˆูŠุชุญูˆู„ุงู† ุงู„ูŠ ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุชุนู„ู† ุนู† ูู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉโ€,โ€ ูˆู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏู…โ€,โ€ ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู… ุฃูŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุซุงู„ ุณุงุจู‚โ€,โ€ ูˆุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงูู†ุงุก ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ุนุฏู…โ€,โ€ ูˆู„ุง ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุนู„ูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุญุฏ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฅู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ ุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ูˆุชุนุงู„ูŠโ€,โ€ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ูุฅู† ู„ูƒู„ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑู‡ุง ู…ุงู‡ูˆ ุถุฏู‡ุงโ€,โ€ ูุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุจ ูˆุงู„ุณุงู„ุจโ€,โ€ ูˆุงู„ู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠุฉ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ู‚ู„ูˆุจ ุงู„ู…ุนูƒูˆุณโ€,โ€ ุญุชูŠ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ู„ู‡ ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ุนู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุฃู…ูˆุงุฌโ€,โ€ ูˆุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ุฃุฎุฑูŠ ุนู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุชโ€.โ€

ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุซุจุช ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ูˆุฌู‡ุงู† ู„ุนู…ู„ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูˆู„ุฌูˆู‡ุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุดูŠุฑ ุฅู„ูŠ ูˆุญุฏุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ ุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ูˆุชุนุงู„ูŠ ูˆุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ู„ุจู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุฃุฒูˆุงุฌโ€,โ€ ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ูŠ ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุนู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุถุงโ€,โ€ ูˆุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฑุฏ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุฅู„ูŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุนู„ูŠ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุฏุก ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู… ูˆุนู„ูŠ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฅูู†ุงุฆู‡ ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ุนุฏู…โ€.โ€
ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุฑูŠ ุงู„ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚โ€:โ€ ู…ู† ุฃุฏู‚ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ู‡ ุฅู„ูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ูˆุญุฏุงุชู‡โ€,โ€ ุญุชูŠ ูŠุจู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ ุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ูˆุชุนุงู„ูŠ ู…ุชูุฑุฏุง ุจุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ุฉ ููˆู‚ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฎู„ู‚ู‡โ€,โ€ ูˆู†ุฑูŠ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚ ุชุฌุณูŠุฏุง ู„ูˆุญุฏุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ ุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ูˆุชุนุงู„ูŠโ€.โ€

ูู„ูƒู„ ุฌุณูŠู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุฌุณูŠู… ู†ู‚ูŠุถโ€..โ€ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ูˆู†ู‚ุงุฆุถู‡ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุถุฉโ€,โ€ ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุฆุถ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุตูุงุช ู†ู‚ุงุฆุถ ู…ุนูƒูˆุณุฉ ุฃูŠุถุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุญู†ุงุช ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจูŠุฉ ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑุงู†โ€,โ€ ูˆุนู„ูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ูู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู…ุซู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุฆุถ ุฃู† ุชุฌุชู…ุน ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุฅู„ุง ุฃูู†ูŠ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุจุนุถุงโ€.โ€
ูุณุจุญุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚ ููŠ ุฒูˆุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุชุดู‡ุฏ ู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ุฃู„ูˆู‡ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฑุจูˆุจูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ุฉ ููˆู‚ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฎู„ู‚ู‡โ€,โ€ ูˆุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ุฅุฐ ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆู†ู‚ุงุฆุถู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ูˆู†ู‚ุงุฆุถู‡ุงโ€,โ€ ูˆุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ุฅุฐ ุฎู„ู‚ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุฆุถ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูˆุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑ ุญุชูŠ ูŠุซุจุช ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏู…โ€,โ€ ูˆุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงูู†ุงุก ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ุนุฏู…โ€!!.โ€

ูˆุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ุฅุฐ ูุตู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆู†ู‚ุงุฆุถู‡ุง ุญุชูŠ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุดุงุณุน ุงู„ุงุชุณุงุนโ€,โ€ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุกโ€,โ€ ุงู„ู…ุญูƒู… ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉโ€,โ€ ุงู„ู…ู†ุถุจุท ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ู† ุฃู…ูˆุฑู‡โ€,โ€ ูˆุงู„ู…ุจู†ูŠ ุนู„ูŠ ูˆุชูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุชุดู‡ุฏ ู„ู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ ุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ูˆุชุนุงู„ูŠ ุจุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงู†ูŠุฉโ€.โ€ ูˆุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ุฅุฐ ุฃุจู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‚ูŠุถุฉ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุญุชูŠ ุฅุฐุง ุดุงุกุช ุฅุฑุงุฏุชู‡ ุฅูู†ุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุฌู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆู†ู‚ุงุฆุถู‡ุง ุจุฃู…ุฑู‡ ูƒู† ููŠูƒูˆู†โ€,โ€ ูˆุฅุฐุง ุดุงุก ุจุนุซ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุจูุตู„ู‡ู…ุง ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูƒู† ููŠูƒูˆู†โ€.โ€
ูˆุณุจุญุงู†ู‡ ุฅุฐ ู‚ุฑุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุฉ ูู‚ุงู„ ุนุฒ ู…ู† ู‚ุงุฆู„โ€:โ€ ูˆู…ู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุฎู„ู‚ู†ุง ุฒูˆุฌูŠู† ู„ุนู„ูƒู… ุชุฐูƒุฑูˆู†ุงู„ุฐุงุฑูŠุงุชโ€:49.โ€

ูˆู‡ูŠ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู… ูŠุฏุฑูƒู‡ุง ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ูƒุณุจูŠ ุฅู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุฃุฎุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†โ€,โ€ ูˆูˆุฑูˆุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ ุนู„ูŠ ุฎุงุชู… ุฃู†ุจูŠุงุฆู‡ ูˆุฑุณู„ู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู„ู ูˆุฃุฑุจุนู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ู„ู…ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุทุน ุจุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู† ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู… ู‡ูˆ ูƒู„ุงู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ ูˆูŠุฌุฒู… ุจุงู„ู†ุจูˆุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู„ุณูŠุฏู†ุง ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุจู† ุนุจุฏุงู„ู„ู‡ ุตู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูˆุณู„ู… ูˆุจุงุฑูƒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุนู„ูŠ ุขู„ู‡ ูˆุตุญุจู‡ ูˆู…ู† ุชุจุน ู‡ุฏุงู‡ ูˆุฏุนุง ุจุฏุนูˆุชู‡ ุฅู„ูŠ ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฏูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุญู…ุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ ุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู†โ€
.โ€


Last edited by Tayel; 05-12-2009 at 08:09 AM.
Tayel is offline   Reply With Quote
Old 05-12-2009, 12:24 PM   #7
Co-Administrator
 
Abdul-Fattah's Avatar
 
Join Date: Mar 2008
Location: Belgium, Gent
Posts: 659
Gender: Male
Way of life: Muslim
Thanks: 17
Thanked 173 Times in 123 Posts
Default Re: Question about Evolution,I'm afraid.

Quote:
Originally Posted by salamfromrom View Post
Salam
Bro Abdul-Fatah, I must ask you something.
I am debating with a nonmuslim on another forum about the ayats referring to ''all things created in pairs'' Here's what he said:
I have read about this on answering-christianity.com and the answers given by many of our brothers do not seem to be very clear. The following is what I think the ayats might refer to, please tell me if you think my view makes sense. (this was my response)
Does anyone know the classical view of the salaf about the meaning of these ayats? Does this verse refer to all plants as having pairs?
Selam aleykum
I can't read the Arabic post so I dunno if this makes mine obsolete, but either way,
I would suggest you reply as following:
*) First of all, the 3 verses need to be looked at seperatly. The first verse, 36:36 is translated as:
"36. Glory be to Him Who has created all the pairs of that which the earth produces, as well as of their own kind, and of that which they know not.)
" in the English translation of tefsir Ibn Kathir. I don't know any Arabic so I can't say which translation is closest. But it does seem clear that the alternative translation doesn't say that all things were created in pairs. But rather says: There are things in pairs, and all of them have been created by Allah, thus not ruling out that other things might have been created which are not in pairs. I don't know for certain, and Allah subhana wa ta'ala knows best.

*) The next verse 43:12, translates as "And Who has created all the pairs"
in the English translation of Tefsir ibn kathir, so again it doesn't say all things created are in pairs, but rather all pairs have been created. Also note that in this verse it isn't specified whether this refers to animals or other things. I don't know for certain; and Allah subhana wa ta'ala knows best.

*) The third verse 51:49, translates as: And of everything We have created pairs. It's interesting though to note that, even though people hadn't discovered these uni-sexuality in animals yet when ibn kathir wrote his tefsir. He did not interpret this verse as refering to the animals only. instead he explains:
"meaning, all the created are in pairs, the heaven and earth, night and day, sun and moon, land and sea, light and darkness, faith and disbelief, death and life, misery and happiness, Paradise and Fire, in addition to the animals and plants."
Even though Ibn kathir did say these pairs are in addition to the animals and plants, it still doens't mean all animals and plants are created in pairs. It could simply be, all things are created in pairs, in addition to the pairs of male and female gender. As for what those "all things" would refer to then instead, I have listed some possibilities below.
I don't know for certain, and Allah subhana wa ta'ala knows best.

So the two verses that refer to animals do not claim that all are in pairs, and the one that claims all are in pairs does not specifically mention animals, and wasn't believed to refer specifically to animals, even before we discovered that indeed some plants/animals are unisex.
Another weakness in the argument, why it does not show that the Qur'an has made a false claim, is that there are many possible interpretations of this last verse. Of course we cannot with certainty say, what God meant or didn't mean by it, but here are some possibilities:

*) It could be that only sexual creatures were created in pairs, but that some of those animals evolved into unisex creatures. Hence the occurrence of such asexual animals today, does not prove that they have been "created" (in the metaphysical sense of the word).

*) It could still be the case, that there are two slightly different versions of those asexual creatures, which we have failed to notice. So then you could technically consider them a pair.

*) It could be that the third verse doesn't refer to animals at all, but instead refers to particles. Since in quantum-mechanics, particles have both a "matter" as well as an "antimatter" version. Everything in this universe is thus indeed made out of these pairs.

*) It could be the case this third verse refers to something completely different we don't know off.

I don't know which if any of these is the correct interpretation, and Allah subhana wa ta'ala knows best.

Either way, as probable or improbable as those alternatives might be, one thing is certain. And that is that you cannot claim something is false based on guessing and speculation. So in conclusion, is this verse hard to understand? Yes. Is this verse proven false? No, not at all.
__________________
Abdul-Fattah is offline   Reply With Quote
Reply

Bookmarks

« Does Allah (God) Exist? | Lets try to refute the RNA world theory »

Currently Active Users Viewing This Thread: 1 (0 members and 1 guests)
 
Thread Tools


Similar Threads for: Question about Evolution,I'm afraid.
Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post
Some things to think about on evolution... Qatada Atheism and Agnosticism 1 08-30-2010 05:43 PM
Pig's flu and evolution?? Tayel Atheism and Agnosticism 5 05-01-2009 08:33 AM
Views on evolution by Harun Yahya Dr.Trax Atheism and Agnosticism 52 08-17-2008 09:35 AM
Evolution - by bro Steve (*NEW* & Detailed!) Qatada Atheism and Agnosticism 9 04-06-2008 12:06 AM
Biological Evolution ? An Islamic Perspective Qatada Atheism and Agnosticism 1 03-04-2008 11:40 AM


All times are GMT -4. The time now is 08:00 AM.


Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.5
Copyright ©2000 - 2012, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.
SEO by vBSEO 3.5.1 PL1
Template-Modifications by TMS